On a heating call, the boiler circulates system water through radiators. Open a hot tap and the flow switch tells the diverter valve to swing priority to domestic hot water: system water is routed through one side of the plate heat exchanger while mains cold water picks up heat on the other side, arriving at the tap seconds later. Close the tap and the valve swings back.
That diverter valve is the hardest-working moving part in the boiler — it cycles every time anyone runs hot water. The plate heat exchanger's narrow waterways are the second weak point: in hard-water areas, limescale narrows them until hot water runs lukewarm or the boiler overheats and locks out.