Fires for seconds, then cuts out, repeatedly: flame rectification or scanner failure — the sensor, its wiring, or the burner ground path. Won’t fire at all, no ignition attempt: controls, interlocks, or safeties holding it out — check the emergency switch and whether any safety has tripped before anything else. One boiler of a staged pair runs constantly while the other never fires: lead-lag control fault, not a burner fault. Plant runs, but risers bang or stay cold: on steam this is traps, vents, and water level; on hot water it is air, valves, or circulators.
Match your symptom to the list, then call — the triage confirms the subsystem in about two minutes. If the symptom is no heat across the building in freezing weather, skip straight to emergency boiler repair.